OPERATING PROCEDURE (MACHINERY)

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE  OF SHAPER

1. Turn on the main panel.
2. Push “ON” button.
3. Move the spindle to the position 1,2,3 to speed the spindle movement to 2,3,4.
4. Turn the spindele back to zero to stop the machine.
5. Push “OFF” to turn the machine off.

 

How Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Engines Work

For Automotive students, engines are their daily companions. They must be familiar with these two kind of engine namely four-stroke engines and two-stroke engines.

The first is the two-stroke engine. The two stroke engine employs both the crankcase and the cylinder to achieve all the elements of the Otto cycle in only two strokes of the piston.

TWO-STROKE ENGINE

Here are the working processes of two-stroke engines

1^st :Intake

The fuel/air mixture is first drawn into the crankcase by the vacuum that is created during the upward stroke of the piston.

2^nd: Crankcase compression

During the downward stroke, the poppet valve is forced closed by the increased crankcase pressure. The fuel mixture is then compressed in the crankcase during the remainder of the stroke.

3^rd: Transfer/Exhaust

Toward the end of the stroke, the piston exposes the intake port, allowing the compressed fuel/air mixture in the crankcase to escape around the piston into the main cylinder. This expels the exhaust gasses out the exhaust port, usually located on the opposite side of the cylinder. Unfortunately, some of the fresh fuel mixture is usually expelled as well.

4^th: Compression

The piston then rises, driven by flywheel momentum, and compresses the fuel mixture. (At the same time, another intake stroke is happening beneath the piston).

Power

At the top of the stroke, the spark plug ignites the fuel mixture. The burning fuel expands, driving the piston downward, to complete the cycle.

 

FOUR-STROKE ENGINE

 

The four stroke engine is also known as the Otto cycle. The technically correct term is actually four stroke cycle. The four stroke engine is probably the most common engine type nowadays. It powers almost all cars and trucks.

The four strokes of the cycle are intake, compression, power, and exhaust. Each corresponds to one full stroke of the piston; therefore, the complete cycle requires two revolutions of the crankshaft to complete.

1^st: Intake

During the intake stroke, the piston moves downward, drawing a fresh charge of vaporized fuel/air mixture.

2^nd : Compression

As the piston rises, the poppet valve is forced shut by the increased cylinder pressure. Flywheel momentum drives the piston upward, compressing the fuel/air mixture.

3^rd : Power

At the top of the compression stroke, the spark plug fires, igniting the compressed fuel. As the fuel burns it expands, driving the piston downward.

4^th: Exhaust

At the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve is opened by the cam/lifter mechanism. The upward stroke of the piston drives the exhausted fuel out of the cylinder.

 



 

Since the two stroke engine fires on every revolution of the crankshaft, a two stroke engine is usually more powerful than a four stroke engine of equivalent size. This, coupled with their lighter, simpler construction, makes the two stroke engine popular in chainsaws, line trimmers, outboard motors, snowmobiles, jet-skis, light motorcycles, and model airplanes.

Unfortunately, most two stroke engines are inefficient and are terrible polluters due to the amount of unspent fuel that escapes through the exhaust port.

MIDSEMESTER FOR XI MACHINERY 1

Dear XIM1 students, please send your email address to widjiyanti_s@yahoo.co.id before Thursday, October 14th, 2010. And check your inbox on Saturday, October 16th, 2010. Your midsemester test will be sent by email.

ADVERTISEMENT (XII M1)

 

A Coca Cola Advertisement in 1890s

Advertising

is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, ideals, or services. It includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, to persuade a target market to purchase or to consume that particular brand. These brands are usually paid for or identified through sponsors and viewed via various media. Advertising can also serve to communicate an idea to a mass amount of people in an attempt to convince them to take a certain action.

Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Non-commercial advertisers that spend money to advertise items other than a consumer product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies. Nonprofit organizations may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as a public service announcement.

Modern advertising developed with the rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mass media can be defined as any media meant to reach a mass amount of people. Different types of media can be used to deliver these messages, including traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, outdoor or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messages. Advertising may be placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization.

In 2007, spending on advertising was estimated at more than $150 billion in the United States^[1] and $385 billion worldwide.

(Taken from Wikipedia)

CREATE A PRODUCT, AND PREPARE ITS ADVERTISEMENT TO BE SUBMITED AFTER IDUL FITRI.

SUNDIAL (X TKR3)

A sundial is a device that measures time by the position of the Sun. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its style (also called its Gnomon, a thin rod or a sharp, straight edge) onto a flat surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day. As the sun moves across the sky, the shadow-edge progressively aligns with different hour-lines on the plate. Such designs rely on the style being aligned with the axis of the Earth’s rotation. Hence, if such a sundial is to tell the correct time, the style must point towards true north (not the north or south magnetic pole) and the style’s angle with horizontal must equal the sundial’s geographical latitude.

Sundials can be categorized in several ways: first, some sundials use a direct line of light to indicate the time, where others use the edge of a shadow. In the former case, the spot of light may be formed by allowing the sun’s rays through a small hole or reflecting them from a small circular mirror; a line of light may be formed by allowing the rays through a thin slit or focusing them through a cylindrical lens. In the other case, the shadow-casting object — the sundial’s gnomon — may be a thin rod, or any object with a sharp tip or a straight edge. Second, sundials employ many types of gnomon. The gnomon may be fixed or moved according to the season; it may be oriented vertically, horizontally, aligned with the Earth’s axis, or oriented in an altogether different direction determined by mathematics. Third, sundials may use many types of surfaces to receive the spot or line of light, the shadow-tip or shadow-edge. Planes are the most common surface, but partial spheres, cylinders, cones and even more complicated shapes have been used for greater accuracy or intriguing aesthetics. Fourth, sundials differ in their portability and their need of orientation. The installation of many dials requires knowing the local latitude, the precise vertical direction (e.g., by a level or plumb-bob), and the direction to true North. In contrast, other dials are self-aligning; for example, two dials that operate on different principles, such as a horizontal and analemmatic dial, may be mounted together on one plate, such that their times agree only when the plate is aligned properly.

(Taken from Wikipedia)

 FIND INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT SUNDIALS FROM THE INTERNET!

FIRST LOVE

MY FIRST LOVE

Ev’ry one can see
There’s a change in me
They all say I’m not the same
Kid I used to be

Assignment for XII AV3, December 5th 2008

Dear students,

I will not come to class AGAIN on 6 December 2008. I know you are happy with the news. But as usual, I never leave you without assignment, do I?

Days Blogging @ SEAMOLEC

I had known what blog was. My husband is a blogger. My students are blogging, too.

I wanted to have one. But I found it hard to get time to sit and start blogging. At school, I was busy running from class to class catching up my schedule. Then I would arrive home to find my house a perfect picture of a wrecked ship!

Till one day, a letter landed on my table inviting me to an SAS training. Frankly speaking, I wasn’t so interested in SAS, not as much as my headmaster was_he sent me for that reason. But when I saw the word BLOG on the letter, I said YES at once.

The first day training, I was impressed with all of state of the art gadget in the meeting room. The room has made my lab looks more like a relic from the jurassic time.

Then came all the SAS things. All right, they sound very good. Indeed, I mean it, SAS is good, excellent idea. I’ll report it to Mr. Wahyuto.

my hot table

Day two. Blogging time. The night before, I already signed up to wordpress. It was all plain. But one by one I added ‘color’ to my blog. So it now becomes more ‘presentable’. That’s right, what I need is time and a little guidance.

In the morning, I started my blogging days by routing those amusing cables. Turned on two computers. One for my SAS course and the other for my blogs. I worked with the computers for almost 20 hours a day. Peewh, my brain must have worked very hard. Fortunately it is quad core!!

One thing now in my mind. I’m afraid when I return to my daily life in Sukabumi, I will have no time left. Then my SAS program will be just like my another program. My blog??? Well, let’s see

Self Access Study

Self Study Center

Self Access study is independent study where all participants (students and teachers) are not bound to classrooms and school schedules. Nice, isn’t it? you don’t have to sit in your “boring” classroom listening to your fussy teachers.